Technical insights

ILC, Round Robin, Ring Test: finding your way through interlaboratory terminology

Laboratories may compare results, investigate a method or take part in a performance assessment. Names such as Round Robin and Ring Test are used for different activities. The purpose and protocol are therefore essential to understanding what is being offered.

Author: S. Tinazzi · Updated 13 September 2026
With drafting support from ChatGPT.
Plain-language explanations and paraphrases, not verbatim standard definitions.

ILC — Interlaboratory Comparison

CIL is the Italian abbreviation for the same concept, used in Eurachem’s Italian leaflet.

This is the general term for an organised comparison involving at least two laboratories working on the same or similar items under predetermined conditions. Its purpose may concern participants, methods or materials.

Source: ISO 13528:2022, 3.1.

Eurachem, Chiamiamo uno schema PT come si deve!.

PT — Proficiency Testing

A comparison designed to assess participant performance against predetermined criteria is proficiency testing.

PT is one application of ILC. Comparing laboratory results does not automatically make an exercise a PT.

Source: Accredia RT-39, section 4, referring to ISO/IEC 17043, 3.7.

Laboratory-performance study is the historical term used in IUPAC’s 1994 classification for studies focusing on laboratory or analyst performance rather than on a method or material.

Historical source: IUPAC, Nomenclature of interlaboratory analytical studies (1994).

“Circuito interlaboratorio”, scheme and round

“Prove interlaboratorio” is also used broadly in Italian. Here, ILC is the general term, while “prove valutative interlaboratorio” explicitly identifies the participant-assessment purpose of PT.

The Italian expression “circuito interlaboratorio” is often used for a PT scheme. Its purpose should nevertheless be checked in the documentation. A scheme can have several rounds: a round is an individual exercise within the scheme, not another name for Round Robin.

Reference for schemes and rounds: ISO 13528:2022, 3.16. “Circuito” is described here as common usage.

Round Robin and Ring Test

These widely used names do not identify a unique purpose. They may describe different interlaboratory activities and do not, by themselves, establish that an exercise is a PT.

ISO’s drafting guidance favours “interlaboratory” over these expressions for clarity. This is a terminology preference, not a judgement on the validity of an exercise bearing either name.

Sources: ISO House Style, “Interlaboratory or intralaboratory”; Eurachem, “Let’s call a PT scheme a PT scheme!”.

ILS — Interlaboratory Study

A broad expression, often used by ASTM for studies determining test-method precision across laboratories. The study’s objective must be checked; ILS is not automatically equivalent to PT.

Source: ASTM, Form and Style for ASTM Standards, A21.2, referring to E691.

Collaborative Study or Collaborative Trial

Method-performance study states the purpose of this type of study explicitly.

The focus is the test method. Laboratories follow a common protocol to establish its performance, particularly precision, supporting validation. The main question concerns how the method performs across laboratories rather than whether an individual participant meets PT criteria.

Source: ASTM E2489-16, 1.1.

“Collaborative” and “cooperative”, used alone, are adjectives: they describe joint effort, not a separate category. Distinguish them from the complete expression “collaborative study”, used here for a study of a method.

Terminology: IUPAC, Nomenclature of interlaboratory analytical studies (1994); Eurachem, Let’s call a PT scheme a PT scheme!.

Material-certification study

The full name makes the focus on a material explicit.

The purpose is to establish a property value for a material intended for certification. The material is the focus. Involvement of several laboratories does not, on its own, make an item a certified reference material.

Sources: Eurachem guide, 2000, 2.2.3 (historical terminology); ISO 13528:2022, 3.18.

Full designation: IUPAC, Nomenclature of interlaboratory analytical studies (1994).

Small ILC — Small interlaboratory comparison

Accredia RT-39 describes comparisons organised spontaneously by laboratories, involving two to seven laboratories. Small ILC concerns organisation and group size; PT concerns purpose. A small comparison assessing participants against predetermined criteria has a PT purpose; one investigating a method has a different objective.

Acceptance for accreditation depends on the applicable RT-39 provisions, not simply on participant numbers.

Source: Accredia RT-39, sections 4 and 5; section 4 refers to EA-4/21 INF.

VEQ / EQA — External Quality Assessment

EQA means External Quality Assessment; VEQ is its Italian abbreviation. In medical laboratories these terms refer to participant performance assessment through interlaboratory comparisons against established criteria. They belong in the participant-assessment area alongside PT.

For the purposes of RT-39, provisions concerning PT also apply to EQA. VEQ and EQA therefore represent the same concept in two languages, not additional levels in the diagram.

Source: Accredia RT-39, sections 1 and 4, referring to ISO 15189, 3.10.

Intercalibration

This term needs context: it does not automatically identify calibration, PT or a separate category of comparison. Eurachem includes it among expressions that may describe the work imprecisely.

Read the protocol to establish whether the purpose concerns participants, a method or a material. That objective determines its position within ILCs.

Source: Eurachem, “Let’s call a PT scheme a PT scheme!”, p.1.

Sequential and simultaneous schemes

Sequential: the same test item passes between participants. Simultaneous: similar items from one batch are distributed to participants at the same time. These words describe distribution, not the comparison’s purpose.

Source: Eurachem, Let’s call a PT scheme a PT scheme!.

Other names mentioned by Eurachem

The leaflet also mentions Circle analysis, Measurement audit, Interlaboratory testing scheme, Measurement comparison scheme and Rapid performance evaluation scheme. Read the protocol rather than inferring the nature of the activity from its name alone.

Key comparisons, Supplementary comparisons and Pilot studies occur in the National Metrology Institutes context. They are context-specific designations, not generic synonyms for PT.

Source: Eurachem, Let’s call a PT scheme a PT scheme!. This article covers selected terminology, not an exhaustive glossary.

Check Sample Test and bilateral proficiency testing: historical usage

ILAC-G22:2004, 4.3 lists Check Sample Test as another name for bilateral proficiency testing: a laboratory tests an item with accurately determined characteristics, supplied by an assessor or third party within an accreditation procedure.

The same usage appears in EA-3/04, 4.3, developed with EUROLAB and EURACHEM and withdrawn in November 2017. These are historical references.

Sources: ILAC-G22:2004, 4.3, p.8 (copy hosted by PJLA); EA-3/04, 4.3 (historical document copy); EA withdrawal resolution 2017 (40)22.

ILAC: PT and comparisons other than PT

ILAC-P9:01/2024 addresses PT and interlaboratory comparisons other than PT in accreditation. It is a policy document, not another type of comparison. An exercise belongs in the diagram according to its purpose, not merely its name.

Source: ILAC-P9:01/2024, «ILAC Policy for Proficiency Testing and/or Interlaboratory comparisons other than Proficiency Testing».

A map of the terms

ILC contains PT, collaborative studies and certification studies. EQA and bilateral proficiency testing (historically Check Sample Test) are shown within PT.
Select the image to enlarge it. Educational diagram of the main purposes, not an exhaustive normative classification. EQA concerns medical laboratories.
1 Check Sample Test: historical name for bilateral proficiency testing (ILAC-G22:2004, §4.3).
Names requiring context
TermHow to interpret it
Prove interlaboratorio · Circuito interlaboratorioGeneral Italian names: check the purpose.
Round Robin · Ring Test · Circle analysisNames used for different purposes and designs.
ILS · Interlaboratory StudyBroad term; not restricted to PT or method studies.
IntercalibrationIts meaning depends on the protocol and context.
Measurement audit · Interlaboratory testing scheme · Measurement comparison scheme · Rapid performance evaluation schemeThe name alone may not accurately describe the activity; consult its documentation.
Organisation and distribution
TermHow to interpret it
Small ILCA comparison organised by laboratories, involving two to seven laboratories; its purpose must also be specified.
PT schemeThe organised PT activity, which may comprise several rounds.
RoundAn individual exercise within a PT scheme.
Sequential / simultaneousHow test items are distributed, not what is assessed.

The circles show selected purposes. The tables distinguish context-dependent names from organisational features. “Collaborative/cooperative” are adjectives, explained under collaborative studies; they are not additional categories. Metrology-specific terms are discussed separately above.

Choosing the right comparison

Check what is assessed, which criteria apply and how the comparison is organised. These details establish whether an activity meets your laboratory’s needs.

Where do Microanalitica’s services fit?

Microanalitica’s scheduled PT rounds and Check Sample Tests share the same purpose: to assess laboratory performance through an interlaboratory comparison.

Scheduled PT rounds. Laboratories participate in a round following a common timetable. Microanalitica processes the results and determines the assigned value using a robust mean.

Check Sample Test. The laboratory participates individually, on request and outside the PT timetable. It receives a test item from a previous round; its result is added to the existing results and the assigned value is recalculated using robust statistical analysis. The assessment is presented in an individual report.

What changes in the assessment? The purpose remains the same: to assess laboratory performance against a reference and predetermined criteria. The organisation, timing and set of results used in the analysis differ. Recalculation may change the assigned value and the resulting score, but not the purpose of the exercise.

Explore the services

See the proficiency testing programme or the on-demand Check Sample Tests. Specific applications include asbestos in water, asbestos in soil and man-made vitreous fibres (MMVF) diameter.